ABSTRACT
A novel immunochromatographic assay was developed, which could provide visual evidence of triazophos in agro products, and also could directly identify the safety status by setting visual cut-off limit of detection in maximal residual limit ( MRL) value. Three test lines ( T1, T2, T3) were applied to the nitrocellulose membrane with different concentrations of Triazophos-OVA, and one control line (C) was settled with goat anti mouse IgG antibody. Thereafter, by combining with conjugate pad which immobilized monoclonal antibody labeled with 20 nm Colloidal gold particles, absorbent pad and PVC plate, a chromatographic test strip was assembled. With optimization of sample extraction and solvents selection, the test strips were employed for the determination of triazophos in rice, cabbage and apple. The results revealed that the cut-off limit of detection could reach 0. 005, 0. 01 and 0. 02 μg / mL represented by test line T3, T2 and T1, respectively. After modification, the cut-off limit of detection was resettled to 0. 05, 0. 1 and 0. 2 μg / mL according to the MRL values which enforced by the national standard of GB2763. Using acetonitrile for the sample extraction, the extracts were diluted 10 times or solvent exchanged with equivalent volume by PBS solution, and then tested by strips descripted above mentioned. The two test strips could precisely identified the safety status of agro product with MRL as threshold within 8-12 min. Furthermore, the residues value of triazophos could be quantified by the multiple quantitative test lines. Parallel GC data indicated that the strip had no false negative. This MRL-based multiple quantitative triazophos detection strip would provide a simple, direct, accurate and the most intuitionistic performance for the evaluation of agro product safety.
ABSTRACT
Acute dose of organophosphorus pesticide Triazophos (O,O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate; Tz) administered orally affects oxidative stress parameters and the histo-architecture of liver, kidney and brain tissues. The results indicate a dose dependent induction of oxidative stress as evident by increased malondialdehyde level and decreased antioxidant defense including glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in rat liver, kidney and brain. AChE activity was found significantly decreased in the Tz treated groups as compared to the vehicle control (DMSO) group. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and brain in Tz treated rats revealed medullary congestion and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes in liver and medullary congestion in kidney. However, no significant histopathological changes were observed in brain tissues.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Brain/drug effects , Glutathione/metabolism , Kidney/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Organothiophosphates/toxicity , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Pesticides/toxicity , Rats , Triazoles/toxicityABSTRACT
The effect of triazophos (O, O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1 H-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate), a widely used insecticide was studied on the induction of oxidative stress and histological alterations at sub-chronic doses in male albino rats. Oral administration of triazophos at concentrations of 1.64, 3.2 and 8.2 mg/kg body wt for 30 days produced dose as well as time-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (determined by malondialdehyde levels) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in serum with a concomitant decrease in ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and blood glutathione (GSH) content. Histopathological examination of liver of triazophos-treated rats showed significant and progressive degenerative changes as compared to control, which could be due to induction of oxidative stress. However, no significant histopathological changes were observed in spleen, kidney and brain at either dose of triazophos with respect to control. These results indicated that oral administration of triazophos was associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and compromised antioxidant defence in rats in dose and time-dependent manner. Thus the present study demonstrated for the first time the role of oxidative stress as the important mechanism involved in the stimulation of hepatic histo-architectural alterations at sub-chronic doses of triazophos in rats.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/pathology , Insecticides/administration & dosage , Insecticides/toxicity , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Male , Organothiophosphates/administration & dosage , Organothiophosphates/toxicity , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/pathology , Triazoles/administration & dosage , Triazoles/toxicityABSTRACT
With the wide application of triazophos in agricultural production, increasing attention has been paid to the contamination of this pesticide to the environment. The studies on triazophos residue and degradation have made certain progress in recent years.This paper gives an outline of micro-organisms degrading triazophos and the possible pathways by which they degrade this pesticide. The reaction kinetics and mechanisms of triazophos hydrolysis and photolysis are also reviewed briefly.